A pair of researchers have found that Apple iPhones and iPads track users' locations and store the data in an unencrypted file on the devices and on owners' computers.
The data, which appears to have been collected starting with iOS 4, which Apple released last summer, is in a SQLite file on iPhones and iPads with 3G capability, said Pete Warden, the founder of Data Science Toolkit and a former Apple employee, and Alasdair Allan, a senior research fellow at the University of Exeter.
The same file, named "consolidated.db," is also stored in the iOS backups made by iTunes on the Mac or Windows PC used to synchronize the iPhone or iPad.
Stored in the file in clear text are locations' longitude and latitude, a timestamp and other information, including Wi-Fi networks in range of the device.
"There can be tens of thousands of data points in this file," said the pair in the blog post.
The data may be hard to extract remotely from an iPhone or iPad, but not impossible, said Charlie Miller, a noted Mac and iPhone vulnerability researcher, and a four-time winner at the Pwn2Own hacking contest.
"The file is in the root's directory, so apps, including Safari, won't have access," said Miller. "That's still bad, though."
To view the location file on an iPhone remotely, an attacker would have to exploit a pair of vulnerabilities, one to hack Safari -- likely by duping the user into visiting a malicious site -- then another to gain access to the root directory, Miller said. That's possible, but unlikely for most criminals.
Instead, he said the biggest threat was if a person lost his or her iPhone, or it was seized by authorities. "If you lose it, or it's taken when you're crossing a border, say, then the data is accessible," said Miller.
Allan echoed Miller in the video. "If you lose your phone, then all your movements for the last year are on that phone, and can be taken off," said Allan.
Graham Cluley, a senior security senior technology consultant with U.K.-based security company Sophos, pointed out that the backup file on a PC or Mac also poses a risk. "If you're not around, someone else can access the information on your home or work computer," said Cluley.
Warden and Allan have made it easy to do just that: They've created an application that extracts the data from a Mac, then displays the location history on a map.
It's unclear why iOS is collecting the data, but Warden and Allan speculated that it might have to do with a future feature that relies on location. "The fact that it's transferred across devices when you restore or migrate is evidence the data-gathering isn't accidental," they said.
According to Warden and Allan, there's no sign that the data is being transmitted to Apple, or leaving the iPhone, iPad or synchronizing computers.
"Don't panic," they urged. "There [is no] evidence to suggest this data is leaving your custody."
That's little consolation, said both Miller and Cluley.
"I just don't see any upside to this," said Miller, pointing out that people will trade off privacy for some obvious benefit. "This doesn't make my life easier, or the iPhone any cooler," said Miller.
Cluley concurred, and added that the news will likely shock many iPhone owners. "Most users would not expect their iPhones to be doing this," said Cluley, "and they'd have a right to be upset."
But Cluley wasn't ready to put on a conspiracy cap.
"I think things tend not to be conspiracies, but are more often cock-ups, accidents that happen," Cluley said. "It may be that one hand of Apple doesn't know what the other hand is doing."
Warden and Allan have published an FAQ about their iPhone data location findings, and the Mac OS X application that displays a device's location history, on the GitHub development repository.
"Why this data is stored and how Apple intends to use it -- or not -- are important questions that need to be explored," said Warden and Allen
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